Get Information on Tramadol
Tramadol is an opioid used as an analgesic
for treating moderate to severe pain.
It is a synthetic agent, unrelated to
other opioids, which appears to have
actions on the GABAergic, noradrenergic
and serotonergic systems. Tramadol was
developed by Grünenthal and marketed
under the trade name Tramal. Grünenthal
has also cross-licensed the drug to
many other pharmaceutical companies
which market it under various names
which are listed below. Tramadol is
available in both intravenous and oral
preparations. It is usually marketed
as the hydrochloride salt (tramadol
hydrochloride). Dosages vary depending
on the degree of pain experienced by
the patient and should be decided on
the basis of need by the prescriber.
The mechanism of action of tramadol
has yet to be fully elucidated - but
it is believed to work through modulation
of the GABAergic, noradrenergic and
serotonergic systems. Tramadol (and
its metabolite, known as M1) have been
found to bind to μ-opioid receptors
(thus exerting its effect on GABAergic
transmission); and to inhibit reuptake
of 5-HT and noradrenaline. The second
mechanism is believed to contribute
since the analgesic effects of tramadol
are not fully antagonised by the μ-opioid
receptor antagonist naloxone. Although
irrelevant to its mechanism of action
tramadol, unlike morphine, has not been
found to induce histamine release. The
serotonergic-modulating properties of
tramadol mean that it has the potential
to interact with other serotonergic
agents. There is an increased risk of
serotonin syndrome when tramadol is
taken in combination with reuptake inhibitors
(e.g. SSRIs), agents which potentiate
the effect of 5-HT (e.g., MAOIs), or
5-HT agonists.
There has been some controversy regarding
the dependence-liability of tramadol.
Grünenthal has tried to promote it as
an opioid with "little" risk
of dependence, claiming little evidence
of such dependence in their clinical
trials. They offer the theory that,
since the M1 metabolite is the principal
agonist at μ-opioid receptors,
the delayed agonist activity reduces
the dependence-liability. Despite these
claims it is apparent, in community
practice, that dependence does occur
to this agent. This would be expected
since analgesic- and dependence-effects
are mediated by the same μ-opioid
receptor. However, this dependence-liability
appears to be considered relatively
low by health authorities, such that
tramadol is classified as Schedule 4
(Prescription Only Medicines), in Australia,
rather than Schedule 8 (Controlled Drugs)
with other opioids. (Rossi, 2004)
Tramadol is an effective pain
reliever. Tramadol is used to relieve
moderate to moderately severe pain.
If you suffer from Arthritis, Back
pain, Burn pain, Headaches, Muscle Pain
etc then use Tramadol and Buy-Tramadol
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Note
the information on this site is not
meant to replace professional medical
advice. As with all prescription medication,
your doctor is the best person to advice
you about side effects and possible
potential risks.
